Convening Lead Authors (CLA)
Eric D. Larson (Princeton University and Climate Central, USA)
Zheng LI (Tsinghua University, China)
Lead Author (LA)
Robert H. Williams (Princeton University, USA)
Contributing Authors (CA)
Theo H. Fleisch (BP America (retired), USA)
Guangjian LIU (North China Electric Power University)
George L. Nicolaides (Wildcat Venture Management, USA)
Xiangkun REN (Shenhua Coal Liquefaction Research Center, China)
Review Editor
Peter McCabe (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Australia)
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Fossil energy technologies for power generation
12.2.1 Overview of global electricity demand and supply
12.2.2 Steam electric power generation using pulverized coal
12.2.3 Gasification-based power generation
12.2.4 Natural gas combined cycle technology
12.2.5 Health damage costs of power plants
12.3 Technological changes at refineries and opportunities for CCS
12.3.1 Context
12.3.2 Refining technology and economics
12.3.3 Greenhouse gas emissions
12.3.4 Conclusions
12.4 Transportation fuels from non-petroleum feedstocks
12.4.1 Gas to liquids
12.4.2 Direct coal liquefaction
12.4.3 Gasification-based liquid fuels from coal (and/or biomass)
12.4.4 Hydrogen from non-petroleum feedstocks for transportation
12.5 Clean household fuels derived from non-petroleum feedstocks
12.5.1 Dimethyl ether from coal
12.5.2 Synthetic LPG from coal and/or biomass
12.5.3 Co-providing synthetic cooking and transport fuels in the context of a carbon mitigation policy
12.6 Coproduction of liquid fuels and electricity from non-petroleum feedstocks
12.6.1 Performance estimates
12.6.2 Cost estimates
12.6.3 Coproduction economics from the electricity production perspective
12.6.4 Alternative approaches for low GHG-emitting liquid fuels using biomass
12.6.5 Coal/biomass coprocessing with CCS as a bridge to CCS for biofuels
12.6.6 Global coal/biomass thought experiment for transportation
12.7 Long-term considerations
12.7.1 Low-carbon electricity generation technologies in the long term
12.7.2 Technologies and strategies for low-carbon liquid fuels in the long term
12.8 Strategies and policies for radically transforming the fossil energy landscape
12.8.1 Strategies for a radical transformation
12.8.2 New policies for a radical transformation
References
