AMOC decline increases rainfall in parts of the Amazon rainforest

The Southern Amazon rainforest, one of the Earth’s most vital ecosystems, faces intensifying threats from climate change and deforestation. Meanwhile, the AMOC – a system of ocean currents crucial for regulating global climate – is weakening. Both are considered climate tipping elements, which may undergo abrupt and potentially irreversible shifts in response to global warming, with potentially devastating consequences. A new study led by IIASA researcher Annika Högner in collaboration with colleagues from the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK) and the Center for Critical Computational Studies (C3S) in Frankfurt, has now identified a link between them.

Published in Environmental Research Letters, the study is the first to identify a causal pathway from the AMOC to the Southern Amazon from reanalysis and observational data. A weakening AMOC leads to a cooling of North Atlantic Sea surface temperatures, and this causes increased rainfall in the Southern Amazon during the dry season. Using advanced causal analysis methods spanning 1982 to 2022, the researchers show that for every 1 million cubic meters per second of AMOC weakening, annual dry season rainfall in the Southern Amazon increases by roughly 4.8%.

“The dry season is the most vulnerable time for the Amazon rainforest,” explains Högner. “Our findings reveal that a weakening AMOC contributes to increased rainfall in the Southern Amazon during this time.”

According to the analysis, this previously unknown climate teleconnection may have offset up to 17% of the dry season rainfall decline in the Southern Amazon since 1982. While this sounds like good news, the authors urge caution. The Amazon is still receiving less rainfall, with dry seasons becoming longer and more intense – and although buffering this drying trend, further AMOC weakening would have severe adverse impacts across the globe.

“The Amazon is still drying,” notes study coauthor Nico Wunderling, a professor at C3S and scientist at PIK. “The stabilizing interaction we found from the AMOC onto the Southern Amazon competes with other effects like those arising from deforestation and increasing temperatures, which would cause continued Amazon drying that the interaction will not be able to compensate for long-term. To accurately estimate future risks, we need to understand these complex interactions. Our study adds an important piece to this puzzle.”

The authors emphasize that this discovery reinforces the importance of integrating tipping element interactions into climate risk assessments. It also underlines the urgency of reducing greenhouse gas emissions to prevent pushing vulnerable systems past critical thresholds.

“Interactions between climate tipping elements are not just theoretical – they are happening now,” says Högner. “Even though some tipping element interactions are stabilizing, the majority are not – rather the opposite. We cannot count on the Earth system to continue absorbing the damage we cause. The only reliable way forward is to drastically reduce greenhouse gas emissions and limit warming.”

Reference
Högner, A., Di Capua, G., Donges, J.F., Donner, R.V., Feulner, G., and Wunderling, N. (2025). Causal pathway from AMOC to Southern Amazon rainforest indicates stabilising interaction between two climate tipping elements. Environmental Research Letters DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/addb62